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Hypotheses 67 1 ; : 6-14. Walusinski, O. 2006 ; . "[Yawning: from birth to senescence]." Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil 4 1 ; : 39-46. Yawning is one of the most under-appreciated behaviors. It is a stereotyped and often repetitive motor act, characterized by gaping of the mouth accompanied by a long inspiration, a brief acme followed by a short expiration. The vigor of the act may increase arousal. Although socially offensive to many, yawns often bring pleasure to the yawner. While influenced by several neurotransmitters, yawning is strongly affected by dopamine. Dopamine activates oxytocin production in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, oxytocin may then activate cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus and the reticular formation of the brainstem. Acethylcholine induces yawning via the muscarinic receptors of effectors. Other neurotransmitters can modulate its occurence like serotonin, neuropeptides, hypocretin and sexual hormones. The decrease of yawning in the elderly suggests an associated decrease of dopaminergic activity. Yawning and stretching have related phylogenetic old origins. Ethologists agree that most vertebrates yawn. Yawning is morphologically similar in reptiles, birds, mammals and fishes. They may be ancestral vestiges surviving throughout evolution with little variation. In the human embryo, yawning occurs as early as 12 weeks after conception and remains relatively unchanged throughout life. Across the life span, night sleep undergoes several age-related modifications. Theses changes concern sleep duration and the amount of REM and NREM sleep. We can describe, for the duration of REM sleep, a curvilinear trend with a steep descending slope in the last time of fetus life and the first year of life, a plateau level across childhood and adulthood, slowly lowering until age. A parallel curve demonstrates the similarity of the evolution of yawn's frequency and the amount of REM sleep. Thus, from ontogeny, phylogeny and this modelling approach emerges a pivotal link between yawning and REM sleep. Yawning is modified in some pathologies associated with aging. Unnikrishnan, K. P., P. K. Sinha, et al. 2006 ; . "Mandibular dislocation from yawning during induction of anesthesia." Can J Anaesth 53 11 ; : 1164-5. Thacker, S. K., M. K. Perna, et al. 2006 ; . "The effects of adulthood olanzapine treatment on cognitive performance and neurotrophic factor content in male and female rats neonatally treated with quinpirole." Eur J Neurosci 24 7 ; : 2075-83. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered quinpirole 1 mg kg, i.p. ; or saline once daily from postnatal day P ; 1 to P21. This drug treatment has been shown to produce long-term priming of the D 2 ; receptor. Beginning on P62, rats were administered the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine 2.5 mg kg ; or saline twice daily i.p. ; for 28 days. One day after olanzapine treatment ceased, rats were tested on the place and match-to-place versions of the Morris water maze MWM ; for seven consecutive days. Dopamine D 2 ; receptor priming was verified through a yawning behavioural test, a D 2 ; receptor-mediated event, before olanzapine was administered as well as after olanzapine treatment and behavioural testing were complete. Results showed that neonatal quinpirole treatment induced D 2 ; priming that was eliminated by olanzapine treatment. On the MWM place version, D 2 ; -primed rats demonstrated a significant impairment that was eliminated by olanzapine treatment, but olanzapine treatment to animals neonatally treated with saline produced a significant deficit on the place version of the MWM. There were no significant deficits on the match-to-place version. Brain tissue analyses revealed that neonatal quinpirole treatment produced a significant decrease in hippocampal NGF, BDNF and ChAT that was eliminated by olanzapine treatment. Neonatal quinpirole treatment produced a significant decrease in BDNF and ChAT in the frontal cortex that was unaffected by olanzapine treatment. These results show that olanzapine eliminates D 2 ; receptor priming and cognitive impairment and also alleviates decreases in neurotrophins and acetylcholinergic markers produced by D 2 ; priming in the hippocampus. Shalini, A. and S. Sreedharan 2006 ; . "A complex, contagious, evolutionary habit." Ann Acad Med Singapore 35 6 ; : 433-4. Schoonman, G. G., D. J. Evers, et al. 2006 ; . "The prevalence of premonitory symptoms in migraine: a questionnaire study in 461 patients." Cephalalgia 26 10 ; : 1209-13. Migraine attacks are often preceded by premonitory symptoms. Prevalence rates of migraine patients reporting one or more premonitory symptoms show considerable variability and rates range between 12% and 79%. Sources of variability might be differences in study population or research design. Using a questionnaire, we retrospectively studied the prevalence of 12 predefined premonitory symptoms in a clinic-based population. Of 461 migraine patients, 374 81% ; responded. At least one premonitory symptom was reported by 86.9% and 71.1% reported two or more. The most frequently reported premonitory symptoms were fatigue 46.5% ; , phonophobia 36.4% ; and yawning 35.8% ; . The mean number of premonitory symptoms per person was 3.2 + - 2.5 ; . Women reported 3.3 premonitory symptoms compared with 2.5 symptoms in men P 0.01 ; . Age, education, migraine subtype with or without aura ; and mean attack frequency had no effect on the mean number of symptoms per individual. In conclusion, premonitory symptoms are frequently reported by migraine patients. Sensitivity and specificity of premonitory symptoms for migraine need to be assessed using prospective methods. Sagiuchi, T., S. Tachibana, et al. 2006 ; . "Lhermitte sign during yawning associated with congenital partial aplasia of the posterior arch of the atlas." AJNR J Neuroradiol 27 2 ; : 258-60. We describe the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with symptoms compatible with Lhermitte sign.
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Newsweek iraqi nurses struggle against medical shortages, violence, and disease - jan 28, 2008 al-hayat maintains limited stocks of drugs vital for labor and delivery, such as methylorgonovine maleate methergine ; and oxytocin pitocin ; , nurse , review: the business of being born - jan 15, 2008 if all these interventions, all this fetal monitoring, induction of labors with pitocin, epidurals and elective caesareans are really about ensuring that cinematical, rite of passage no more - jan 13, 2008 medical intervention rates - epidurals, cesarean sections and pitocin-induced labor - are soaring in us delivery rooms.
Address correspondence to: T.S. Skinner-Adams Malaria Biology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, AUSTRALIA 4029, Phone: 61 0 ; 7 3362 0419, Fax: 61 0 ; 7 3362 0104, e-mail: tinaS qimr .au.
A SEARCH FOR THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ABSENCE OF RECOVERY OF THE NORMAL VASCULAR RESPONSE TO OXYTOCIN FOLLOWING SYMPATHETIC NERVE INJURY J. S. Gillespie, Sybil Lloyd and Mary Pickford Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1976; 61; 331-339.
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The ergot alkaloids include ergometrine maleate synonym ergonovine ; and ergotamine. The ergot alkaloids are clinically used to relieve pain of migraine and to contract the post-partum uterus. Table 1. Ergot alkaloid preparations. Products Contents Cafergot tablets Ergotamine tartrate 1mg Caffeine 100mg Migril tablets Ergotamine tartrate 2mg Cyclizine HCl 50mg Caffeine hydrate 100mg Ergometrine maleate Ergometrine maleate 500 mcg ml Injection Syntometrine Injection Ergometrine maleate 500mcg ml Oxytocin 5 units ml.
Thymidylate starvation of F'13 merodiploid strains of E. coli heterozygous for an RI- alkaline phosphatase constitutive mutation induces the formation of clones which express the recessive, constitutive allele. The formation of these clones follows initially two hit kinetics, whether the RI- allele is on the exogenote or the endogenote. Genetic tests indicate that the constitutive clones are mainly homozygous RI- merodiploids. Reciprocal RI homozygous cells are either not formed in the same event, or not recovered as viable cells. Nonetheless, a mitotic crossing over mechanism is implied by the kinetics of expression of the recombinant homozygous genotype: derepression of phosphatase synthesis does not commence until the first cell division following reversal of thymidylate starvation, implying that the dominant allele is removed by a segregational, rather than a conversion, event. Stimulation of recombination is not merely a consequence of DNA synthesis inhibition, but appears to be associated with the specific physiology of thymineless death. Recombinogenesis shows the same temperature sensitivity as thymineless death; is similarly inhibited by phosphate limitation; and does not OCcur in the small fraction of the cell population which is immune to thymineless death and paclitaxel.
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CORRESPONDENCE A. FAPEO correspondence to Joint Administrative Procedures Committee.
Tain amount of contact between mother and child, and social stimulation during the first year or two of life is exceedingly important for normal emotional development 49 ; . The reasons for increasing popularity of bottle feeding are complex, but one important factor seems to be the inability of some women to produce sufficient amounts of milk. Levy 29 ; has suggested that conscious or unconscious rejection of her infant may render a woman unable to nurse it, and many other writers have proposed that "psychic" factors play an important role in controlling the woman's response to suckling. Petersen suggests more specifically that the normal physiological reaction to breast stimulation is sometimes inhibited by emotional disturbances. The most convincing evidence in support of this thesis was originally derived from observations and experiments upon infrahuman animals. Intense fright may immediately and completely inhibit lacteal function in mammals of other species. If severe electrical storms occur in the vicinity of a mink farm while females are nursing their pups, the resultant disturbance produces many cases of eclampsia, failure to nurse, and even infanticide 39 ; . According to Petersen, the tendency of dairy cows to "let down" the milk that is in the udder can be influenced by emotional factors. Milk let-down is believed to depend upon increased glandular pressure occasioned by contraction of myoepithelium surrounding the alveoli. Ely and Petersen have shown that this Relations between Parents and Offspring process is completely inhibited if a cow is exCertain kinds of parent-child relationships posed to a disturbing stimulus e.g. loud tend to be accompanied by psychosomatic sounds made by popping a paper bag ; just symptoms in either or both of the individuals before or during the milking process Fig 1 ; . involved. One of the most frequently men- Total cessation of milk release is also protioned functions involving this type of inter- duced by injection of adrenalin. Ely and Petersen suggest that the positive action is that of lactation. Stone and Bakwin have pointed out that in this country and in act of letting down the milk is a conditioned Great Britain the proportion of mothers who reflex. The conditioned stimuli probably inbreast-feed their infants is steadily decreasing. cludes customary cues associated with milkThese authors consider the trend undesirable ing, e.g. rattling of milk buckets, washing of for several reasons. Human milk differs from udders, and placing of food before the cow's milk in many ways and is said to be animal. When these afferent stimuli reach better suited to the baby's physiological needs. the central nervous system they evoke secreThe practice of breast-feeding insures a cer- tion of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary and pamidronate.
Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala
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The females treated with stilbcestrol and DOCA concurrently-both groups of animals showing no initial fall in pressure following vasopressin. Further analysis of the depressor phase of the response to vasopressin and oxytocin showed that where it occurred, it could be divided into two types: one in which it was a$olished by DHE and one in which it was not abolished. In the former group are included all the rats which received DOCA and the cortisone-treated dicestrous females; in the latter group are included all the cortisone-treated cestrous females. Surprisingly the cortisone-treated females rendered cestrous by stilbcestrol pretreatment differed from those in natural cestrus; they showed a depressor response to the posterior lobe hormones which disappeared after DHE. In the second group DHE far from suppressing the initial fall in pressure following vasopressin and oxytocin tended to enhance it. Where the depressor phase was abolished by DHE, the pressor component of the response to both neurohypophysial hormones was increased and DHE could also potentiate the pressor response to vasopressin in animals where no depressor phase was present as in the cortisone-treated dicestrous females. The potentiation therefore was not always or necessarily due to the mere elimination of the initial depression. In fact in the animals which exhibited a DHE-resistant initial depression, the pressor response to both hormones was regularly enhanced after DHE administration. In a number of animals atropine was used in an attempt to assess the importance of cholinergic mechanisms in the appearance of the depressor fraction of the response to vasopressin and oxytocin. In all instances in which atropine was given before DHE, it had of itself no effect on the response to vasopressin and oxytocin and DHE given later led to the result which might be expected had it been given alone. No firm explanation of these facts is available, but it may be suggested that where DHE, with or without atropine, abolished the depressor phase of the response to both test hormones, this must have been due to removal of sympathetic influence, that cholinergic and sympathetic dilator mechanisms were unimportant in this context and that the remaining pressor effect was peripherally determined. In cortisone-treated cestrous females the early fall in blood pressure was enhanced by both DHE and atropine, that is, in this instance the removal of autonomic influence had the opposite effect to that already mentioned. Again the depressor response must be peripherally determined and depend on the vasculature or on the heart.
FIG. 6. The effect of local infusion of benoxathian on the uterine contraction-induced Fos expression in the SON of term pregnant rats. Histograms show the mean SEM number of Fos-positive neurons per mm2 in the SON ipsilateral A ; and contralateral B ; to the intra-SON infusion and in the NTS C ; . Pentobarbitone-anesthetized 22-day pregnant rats were infused in the SON with vehicle aCSF; n 5 vehicle pulses, n 7 oxytocin pulses ; or benoxathian BEN; 1 or 10 g 0.8 l h, begun 30 min before the onset of iv injections and continued throughout duration of pulse treatment; n 7 and 5 respectively, all given oxytocin pulses ; and given iv oxytocin OXT; o ; or vehicle saline pulses VEH for 90 min. By two-way ANOVA, P 0.0001 for all data in A; B, a, * , P 0.05, by post-hoc test compared with all other groups for the ipsilateral SON; b, * , P 0.05 compared with the groups given vehicle or benoxathian infusion of 10 g the SON. C, By one-way ANOVA, P 0.0601; * , P 0.05, by t test compared with vehicle control; t test for all data from oxytocin pulsetreated rats vs. vehicle-treated rats, P 0.05 and papaverine.
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The above findings correlate well with previous findings showing that 1 ; circulating levels of oxytocin are increased immediately after ejaculation in rabbits stoneham et al 1985 ; and in the human sexual response carmichael et al 1987 ; , 2 ; icv oxytocin has been found to increase lordosis behavior in female rats arletti and bertolini 1985 ; , and 3 ; oxytocm improves sexual performance of vigorous sexually experienced male rats in the presence of a female in oestrus, as indicated by the decrease in the post-ejaculatory interval observed in oxytocin-treated rats arletti et al 1985.
Ergometrine and oxytocin differ in their actions on the uterus. In moderate doses oxytocin produces slow generalized contractions with full relaxation in between; ergometrine produces faster contractions superimposed on a tonic contraction. High doses of both substances produce sustained tonic contractions. Oxytocin is now recommended for routine use in postpartum and post-abortion haemorrhage since it is more stable than ergometrine. However, ergometrine may be used if oxytocin is not available or in emergency situations and parnate.
Studies have implicated circadian genes in functions as diverse as obesity and glucose tolerance 25, 26 ; , reproduction 27 ; , tumor susceptibility 28 ; , and response to chemotherapeutic agents 29 ; . One of the most interesting roles identified for peripheral circadian rhythms is in regulation of the cell cycle: Matsuo et al. 30 ; found that, after partial hepatectomy, livers from mice lacking both Cry genes regenerated more slowly than livers from WT mice. In the same study, the expression of several genes key to cell-cycle progression, including Wee1 and Cdc2, was found to be under transcriptional regulation by the CLOCKBMAL1 complex. Other groups have identified circadian regulation of transcription of cyclin D1 and c-myc and protein levels of BCL2 and BAX, all key factors in cell-cycle regulation 28, 31 ; . Furthermore, it has been shown that individual cells continue to rhythmically express clock proteins during cell division, and that the timing of cell division is gated by the circadian clock 14 ; . In addition to regulating circadian gene transcription, the Clock mutation has been shown to affect many nonrhythmic genes, suggesting that core circadian components, including CLOCK, play important roles in noncircadian functions 19 ; . To address the role that the circadian clock plays in wholegenome gene regulation and in cell growth and proliferation, we analyzed RNA expression from WT liver and skeletal muscle tissue by using a microarray chip GNFIM ; designed to interrogate 36, 182 nonredundant transcripts derived from protein-encoding genes 32 ; . We also examined the same tissues from Clock mutant mice to investigate both circadian and noncircadian roles for CLOCK. We then used targets generated from analysis of microarray data to identify pathways disrupted in Clock mutants, including cell growth and proliferation, and tested whether changes in gene expression resulted in functional abnormalities of cell-cycle progression in Clock mutant fibroblasts. Results and Discussion.
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Oxytocin concentrations, whereas removal of anby castration or by treatment with an antiandroprostatic are likely concentrations to reflect local of the changes peptide. in pep and paromomycin!
Comprehension of affective speech was assessed throughout the four-hour infusion on both occasions, that is, once with intravenous infusion of oxytocin and once without and oxytocin.
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38 Manning RD, Hu L & Williamson TD. Mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular-renal actions of nitric oxide inhibition. Hypertension 1994 23 951956. Scrogin KE, Hatton DC, Chi Y & Luft FC. Chronic nitric oxide inhibition with L-NAME: effects on autonomic control of the cardiovascular system. American Journal of Physiology 1998 274 R367R374. 40 Sander M, Hansen J & Victor RG. The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the maintenance but not initiation of the hypertension induced by Nu-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Hypertension 1997 30 6470. Fitzgerald SM & Brands MW. Hypertension in L-NAME-treated diabetic rats depends on an intact sympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology 2002 282 R1070R1076. 42 Wangensteen R, O'Valle F, Del Moral RG, Vargas F & Osuna A. Chronic alpha1-adrenergic blockade improves hypertension and renal injury in L-NAME and low-renin L-NAME-DOCA hypertensive rats. Medical Science Monitor 2002 8 BR378BR384. 43 Nylen A, Skagerberg G, Alm P, Larsson B, Holmqvist B & Anderson KE. Nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the female rat; organization of spinal projections and coexistence with oxytocin or vasopressin. Brain Research 2001 908 1024. Wolff DJ & Gribin BJ. The inhibition of the constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase isoforms by indazole agents. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1994 311 300306. Moore PK & Bland-Ward PA. 7-Nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Methods in Enzymology 1996 268 393398. Ventura RR, Giusti-Paiva A, Gomes DA, Elias LL & AntunesRodrigues J. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition differentially affects oxytocin and vasopressin secretion in salt loaded rats. Neuroscience Letters 2005 379 7580. Xu L, Carter EP, Ohara M, Martin PY, Rogachev B, Morris K, Cadnapaphornchai M, Knotek M & Schrier RW. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and systemic vasodilation in rats with cirrhosis. American Journal of Physiology 2000 279 F1110F1115. 48 Alvarez G, Osuna A, Wangensteen R & Vargas F. Interaction between nitric oxide and mineralocorticoids in the long-term control of blood pressure. Hypertension 2000 35 752757. Deng LY, Thibault G & Schiffring EL. Effect of hypertension induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition on structure and function of resistance arteries in the rat. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1993 15 527537. Vanhoutte PM, Luscher TF & Graser T. Endothelium-dependent contractions. Blood Vessels 1991 28 7483. Boulanger C & Luscher TF. Release of endothelin from porcine aorta: Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990 85 587590. Vanhoutte PM, Auch-Schwelk W, Boulanger C, Janssen PA, Katusic ZS, Komori K, Miller VM, Schini VB & Vidal M. Does endothelin-1 mediate endothelium-dependent contractions during anoxia? Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1989 13 Suppl 5 ; S124S128. 53 Banting JD, Friberg P & Adams MA. Acute hypertension after nitric oxide synthase inhibition is mediated primarily by increased endothelin vasoconstriction. Journal of Hypertension 1996 14 975981. Qiu C, Engels K & Baylis C. Endothelin modulates the pressor actions of acute systemic nitric oxide blockade. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1995 6 14761481. Richard V, Hogie M, Clozel M, Loffler BM & Thuillez C. In vivo evidence of an endothelin-induced vasopressor tone after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Circulation 1995 91 771775. Clozel M & Breu V. The role of ET B ; receptors in normotensive and hypertensive rats as revealed by the nonpeptide selective ET B ; receptor antagonist Ro 46-8443. FEBS letters 1996 383 4245.
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We first tested the effectiveness of relatively low dose oxytocin pulses at inducing delivery; animals were injected iv with 1 mU oxytocin every 10 min for 4 h n every 10 min for 2 h and then 2 mU for 2 h n then 4 mU fn then 10 mU fn none of these rats started to give birth during the treatment. Another 18 rats were given a higher dose oxytocin treatment 10 mU oxytocin pulse for 2 hand then 20 mU oxytocin pulse for 2 h ; . Fourteen animals were injected at the same times with saline vehicle. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation either before the birth of any pups prepartum groups; n 4 in the oxytocin-treated group and n 5 in the control group ; or 90 min after delivery of the second pup fparturient groups; n 14 in the oxytocin-treated group and n 9 in the control group ; . Four of the oxytocin-treated parturient rats were killed before the end of the treatment during the last 30 min of the injections ; , whereas all remaining rats were killed after the treatment 30-60 min after the last injection for all prepartum and oxytocin-treated parturient rats and whenever delivery occurred for control parturient rats, for which observation was continued in red light after 2000 h, the normal start of the dark phase ; . The brains were immediately frozen under crushed dry ice and subsequently processed for Fos immunocytochemistry see below ; , and the uteri were examined for fetuses and placentae. To generate larger groups of rats, which were injected with oxytocin but in which delivery was not induced during such treatment, we injected 16 other rats with 10 mU oxytocin every 10 min for the entire 4h treatment period, rather than increasing the dose of oxytocin to 20 mu pulse for the last 2 h. Nine rats were given saline pulses at the same times 0.03 ml ; . Thirty to 60 min after the treatment or 90 min after delivery of the second pup; n 4 and 2 in the oxytocinand salinetreated group, respectively ; , animals were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone 50 mg kg BW, iv ; and perfused transcardially with chilled 0.9% saline and then 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer. The brains were postfixed and kept frozen at -80 C until processed for immunocytochemistry. The in situ perfusion fixation was chosen to optimize conditions for double immunocytochemistry performed on brain stem sections of these rats. The experiments, with and without in situ fixation, were performed over a few weeks, with about 6-10 rats treated on each experimental day and equal numbers of term pregnant animals injected with either saline or oxytocin each day. To assess whether oxytocin injections could have a direct effect on Fm expression in the brain independent of uterine activity and parturition, 10 virgin rats were injected at a random stage of the estrous cycle with the higher dose oxytocin regimen 10 mU e&h 10 min for 2 h-and then 20 mU each 10 min for 2 h ; and killed bv cervical dislocation 30-90 min after the end of the treatment. The brains were frozen on crushed dry ice and processed for Fos immunocytochemistry and pediatric.
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Symposium 4: 20 12.5 Melanocortin and Oxytocin in Facilitated Sexual Responses. Gareth Leng. Univ. of Edinburgh. 12.6 Unexpected Role of IL-6 in Endotoxininduced Activation of the Hypothalamo-Neuropituitary Complex. Karine Paline, H. Orcel, A. Guillou-Duvoid, A. Rabi and F. Moos. CNRS., Montpellier, France. 4.33 and paclitaxel
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The daily milk and fat production and fat test were analyzed by Snedecor's " h o method 8 ; to determine whether oxytocin reduced the daily variation. The variation in milk yield was not reduced significantly in any of the eight cows. In fact, the daily variation was larger in four of eight cases whea oxytocin was used. The daily variations in f a test and in f a yield were each reduced significantly in one of eight cases when oxytocin was used, and these reductions did not occur in the same animal. Three cows showed more variation in f a yield and two showed more variation in fat test when oxytocin was used. These results indicate that oxytocin does not reduce significantly the daily variation in milk or f a yield or in f test when the milking routine used induces a satisfactory n a t let-down.
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