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Infections of the rat cells this may not be the complete explanation. Although virus is produced with apparently equal efficiency to that in the mouse L2 cells the accompanying c.p.e, was limited suggesting that viral spread by cell fusion may also be defective. Cell-to-cell fusion is a property of the viral E2 glycoprotein which requires activation by proteolytic cleavage Sturman et al., 1985 ; . The restricted cytopathology in these infections could result from several factors: lack of cleavage of the E2 protein, lack of the E2 protein on the plasma membrane which is required for cell fusion Sturman & Holmes, 1983 ; or an inherent resistance of the rat cell lines to undergo virus-induced cell fusion. This latter possibility has been suggested as a mechanism for coronavirus persistence in another cell system Mizzen et al., 1983 ; . In this regard it is of interest to note the occurrence of virus replication in somatic cell hybrids formed between the mouse L2 and rat L6 cells. Although high yields of virus were obtained that were comparable to the parental mouse cell line the c.p.e, was restricted not unlike the infection of the parental rat L6 cells. In preliminary experiments treatment of these hybrid cells with trypsin and subsequent addition to monolayers of mouse L2 ceils resulted in a rapid induction of cell-to-cell fusion in the L cell monolayers unpublished observations ; . In view of the apparent requirement for proteolytic cleavage of the E2 protein for cell fusion activity it is interesting to speculate that perhaps the E2 protein in these hybrid cells is present in an uncleaved form or that it is in membrane environment which does not permit cell fusion to occur. Thus it will be of interest to evaluate the nature and location of this viral membrane glycoprotein in these hybrid cells. Such a restriction of cell fusion was evident only in the mouse L2-rat L6 hybrid cells and not in the other mouse-rat hybrid cells examined although the parental rat cell lines all show a restricted c.p.e. after infection with J H M Lucas et al., 1978 ; . This implies that the requirements for cell fusion may vary among the various cell lines. This is consistent with observations that these cell lines were about a thousandfold less efficient as indicators for mouse L2 infection centres unpublished observations ; and that there is cell variability in virus-induced cell fusion Frana et al., 1985 ; . In vivo susceptibility to J H infection has been localized to mouse chromosome 7 and it has been suggested that the function involved may be a proteolytic activity involved in the processing of the viral E2 glycoprotein which is involved in cell fusion Knobler et al., 1984 ; . If this is the case it is conceivable that in the mouse L2-rat L6 hybrids, mouse chromosome 7 may be absent. Owing to the heterogeneity in chromosome number and content of the various hybrid cell lines, it is not at present possible to make a correlation between the presence of mouse chromosome 7 and the ability to undergo cell fusion. A combination of inefficient viral internalization and an inability to undergo virus-induced cell fusion may be the contributing factors in the ability of some rat lines to support persistent coronavirus infections. Understanding the nature of these processes may be useful in elucidating mechanisms of viral persistence at the cellular level. The authors wish to thank Drs N. Arnheim and S. Weiss for the cDNA clones, Mr F. Williams for assistance with the illustrations and Miss W. Dodds for typing the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada to W.F.F. REFERENCES ARNHEIM, N. 1979 ; . Characterization of mouse ribosomal gene fragments purified by molecular cloning. Gene 7, 83-96.
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FIG. 11. Photomicrographs and anatomical reconstructions for 4 BDA-labeled bouton afferents. AD: simple flower profile afferent with many small branch and terminal boutons. Surface view A ; , transverse sections B ; , and reconstruction for transverse C ; and top view D ; . EH: complex flower profile afferent with a thick parent axon. Surface view E ; , transverse section F ; , transverse G ; and top view H ; reconstruction. IK: simple long linear profile afferent innervating the type II band. Small blue squares represent type II band borders. Surface view I ; , transverse section J ; , and reconstruction for transverse K ; and topview L ; . MP: flower profile afferent, with large branches off the parent axon. Surface view M ; , transverse section N ; , and reconstruction for transverse O ; and top P ; view. For each reconstruction, the thick black line represents the parent axon, thinner black lines represent branch fibers, and red dots represent terminal or en passant boutons. Surface views, unstained; transverse sections, Richardson's stain. Scale bars 10 m.
Solver take some decisions during the process. The Planning solver. If the validation fails, the CSP solver calls the planning process in order to jointly solve the flaw. The CSP solver will provide the planning solver information about the violated constraints found during the resolution. This feedback will help the planning solver determine the source of the problem and take the most appropriate action to overcome the flaw: 1. The plan may need to be repaired or even some replanning might also be necessary; in such a case, the planning solver will update the input plan by adding deleting actions. 2. Another possibility is to use the CSP solver as an action selector to discover the best supporters for actions. Through the use of heuristic estimations the planning solver can determine the set of the most appropriate candidates for supporting actions domain choices ; and let the CSP solver take the final decision. That is, the planning solver performs an intelligent filtering and pass the resulting information to the CSP solver. As it can be observed, the three crucial points in this integrated framework are: i ; the feedback provided by the CSP solver to the planning solver, ii ; the data about the domain choices that the planning solver provides the CSP solver, and iii ; the planning solver decision of either letting the CSP solver undertake the flaw resolution or opting for modifying the input plan. These three relevant processes are marked with grey arrows in Figure 1. More specifically, the rest of this paper focuses on the role of the CSP solver as a validator and as an action selector. Our main contribution is the proposal of a plan formulation that includes very expressive complex additional ; constraints and shows how easily this formulation can be extended to find a plan action selection.
All patients with easy bruising and decline in platelet counts were admitted for bone marrow aspiration and biopsies. A detailed history and clinical observation for detection of any unusual exposure and symptom or sign were taken and record. Reticulocyte counts and Coombs' test were carried out. Serologic tests for systemic lupus erythematosus were done in 16 patients. Repeated bone marrow aspiration biopsy was performed at intervals of two to four months for most of the patients. Severity of hemorrhagic tendency was recorded.
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I declare that my project report entitled "The Effect of Eccentricity at Beam Support to Beam Stiffness" is the result of my own research except as cited in references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
1700 Ci mmol ; were from Bresa SouthAustralia ; . Taurocholic acid and propylthiouracil were purchased from Sigma St. Louis, MO cholesterol and EDTA were from Ajax Chemicals Sydney, Australia ; .Oligo dT ; 30 was kindly provided by Peter Roche Howard Florey Institute and protopic.
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A 52-year-old woman presents for a thyroidectomy. She is on propylthiouracil and thyroid function tests suggest she is now euthyroid. However, she is in atrial fibrillation for which she is on warfarin and rate controlled with propranolol. DC cardioversion has failed on one occasion. The woman says that she gets breathless on bending down, and examination reveals a large palpable goitre. It seems to extend retrosternally.
Plasmid Construction and Transfection. Full-length daf-16 a1 and jnk-1 cDNAs were amplified by RT-PCR Invitrogen ; by using total RNA isolated from N2 worms Ambion, Austin, TX ; . The cDNAs were cloned into the mammalian expression vector with either Flag tag p3XFLAG-myc-CMV-26, Sigma ; or Xpress tag pcDNA3.1B, Invitrogen ; to obtain Flag-tagged DAF-16 and Xpress-tagged JNK-1. Plasmids were transfected into COS-7 cells and harvested after 48 h. For determining whether DAF-16 could serve as a substrate for JNK-1, N- and C-terminal portions of DAF-16 were amplified by PCR using N2 total RNA and cloned into pET-24b vector Novagen ; between HindIII and XhoI. The His-tagged DAF-16 fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL-21 ; and purified under native condition with Ni-NTA His-Bind resin Novagen ; . Antibody Production. A C-terminal portion of JNK-1 amino acids 228451 ; was cloned into a His-tagged expression vector pET-24b, Novagen ; , expressed in bacteria [BL21 DE3 ; ], and purified by using Ni-NTA His-bind resin Novagen ; . Polyclonal antiserum was raised against the recombinant protein in rabbit Capralogics, Hardwick, MA ; . Immunoblotting, Immunoprecipitation, and Kinase Assay. For phospho-JNK immunoblotting, worms were grown on 10-cm NGM plates and ground with stainless-steel Dounce homogenizer in lysis buffer 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4 137 mM NaCl 2 mM EDTA 10% glycerol 1% Triton X-100 25 mM -glycerophosphate 1 mM NaVO3 1 mM PMSF 10 g ml leupeptin 10 g ml aprotinin ; . Proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and immunoblotted with phospho-JNK antibody Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA ; or JNK-1 antibody raised against C. elegans JNK-1 ; . For immunoprecipitation, COS-7 cells were lysed in the same lysis buffer, and after centrifugation at 14, 000 g for 10 min, the supernatant was precleared with 50 l of protein G-Sepharose bead Amersham Pharmacia ; . The supernatant was then incubated with anti-Xpress antibody Sigma ; along with fresh beads overnight at 4C. After several washes, lysates were boiled with sample buffer. Proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and immunoblotted with anti-Flag antibody Invitrogen ; . For kinase assay, protein G-Sepharose Pharmacia LKB ; beads were incubated for 34 h at with anti-Xpress antibody, washed twice with the lysis buffer as described above, and then incubated with lystates of COS-7 cells transfected with XpressJNK-1 overnight at 4C. Complexes were washed three times with the lysis buffer and once with kinase buffer 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 25 mM -glycerophosphate 25 mM MgCl2 0.1 mM NaVO3 2 mM DTT ; . The kinase activity of JNK-1 was measured by adding 20 l of kinase buffer containing 50 M [ -32P]ATP 10 Ci mmol ; and 1 g of the N- or C-terminal portion of DAF-16 or GST-c-Jun amino acids 179 ; and incubating at 30C for 30 min. The reactions were terminated by boiling in sample buffer. Proteins were resolved by SDS PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography. Heat Resistance Assay and DAF-16 Translocation Assay. To measure and protriptyline.
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When inflation deviates substantially from the target for a period, the interest rate is set with the aim of gradually returning inflation to target in order to prevent unnecessary swings in output and employment. Through the 1990s, inflation generally ranged between 1 - 3%. The degree of variability has increased slightly in recent years. In a period of increasing cross-border labour flows, substantial technological advances, changes in competitive conditions and new trade patterns, there will probably be somewhat greater variation in inflation and deviations from the target, as we have witnessed over the past two to three years see Chart 1.2 ; . It may be difficult to interpret the low rise in prices for some goods and services even though increased competition and higher productivity in some industries have probably made a substantial contribution to keeping overall inflation low. It is nevertheless likely that continued high growth in demand and output will lead to higher price and cost inflation, but it may take time to materialise. The risk that inflation expectations might fall and become entrenched at too low a level now seems benign. An overall assessment therefore implies a less expansionary monetary policy through a gradual increase in the interest rate ahead. The objective of bringing inflation up towards target suggests that interest rate increases be made in small, not too frequent steps. The effects of Norges Bank's key rates also depend on external interest rates. Key rates remain low among many of our trading partners, but since the previous Report the key rate has been raised in the US, the euro area and Sweden, among others. Market participants are expecting a gradual increase in key rates abroad, which will curb the effects on the krone of further interest rate increases in Norway. Wide fluctuations in asset prices and credit may constitute a source of instability in demand and output in the somewhat longer run. The low interest rate level in Norway has contributed to a sharp rise in house prices see Chart 1.3 ; . The level of house prices may now appear to be somewhat high in relation to developments in income, interest rates, unemployment and housing starts. A gradual increase in the interest rate level will probably contribute to a slower rise in house prices ahead. This may reduce the risk of a substantial correction in house prices further ahead. Credit growth has been strong for a long period see Chart 1.3 ; . This may partly be attributable to the rise in house prices and the current high level of household confidence in the future. Since the mid-1990s, it may be that structural changes in the housing and credit markets have also influenced credit developments. Favourable cyclical conditions and low interest rates have contributed to low loan losses.
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232 CHOSEN CHILDREN mothers' identities don't kill their mothers because of imagined or real belief that they were rejected by their mothers. Choice of victim "types" probably has more to do with abuse in childhood, their perception as to who is a barrier to contact with their own family, or need for empowerment or control. As far as anyone knows, adoptees who kill their adopters sufficiently bungle any attempt at cover-up and so end up removed from society. We assume no one has got away with killing their adopters and then gone on to serial killing because adoptees incarcerated as juveniles for killing their adopters and later released see Campbell, Tomassoni, etc. in this chapter ; , reportedly have been leading normal lives. According to David Kirschner, Ph.D., forensic psychotherapist who has studied adoptees who killed their adopters, and who served as expert witness at some of their trials.
Family and Reproductive Health Since the beginning of the biennium, CHD has been a part of the programme area of Family and Reproductive Health FRH ; . This organizational shift provides a means for closer collaboration with related programmes under FRH: Adolescent Health ADH Reproductive Health, Technical Support RHT Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction HRP Women's Health WHD and Nutrition NUT ; . This collaboration has proved fruitful in several areas. It has increased the Organization's ability to coordinate the development of policies, for example, on breastfeeding promotion, breastfeeding and HIV, and growth reference charts. The Maternal and Newborn Health and Safe Motherhood programme in RHT ; and the Division are working together to ensure that guidelines for the newborn of age less than one week are consistent with the IMCI interventions for infants starting at one week and psyllium.
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As suggested in this study, one option for patients with a positive TST is to treat whilst one waits for the CD4 counts to rise 3 above 250 cells mm . Treatment is usually with isoniazid monotherapy, although this is associated with its own risks; peripheral neuropathy and hepatitis especially in patients with HBV or HCV co-infection ; . Furthermore, there is now increasing incidence of isoniazid resistance, so this may not be an ideal therapy for many patients and pyrantel.
All women under 50 years of age must have a urine pregnancy test performed in our office, prior to your procedure COLONOSCOPY PREPARATION A thorough cleansing of the colon is essential and the examination is most successful if you follow the directions for preparation completely, as outlined below. Improper cleansing may result in rescheduling your procedure. If you have any questions about the test or preparation, please do not hesitate to call our office. On the day of your appointment, someone must accompany you to the office or hospital. Plan to be with us for a total of two to three hours. When you arrive, you will need to complete your paperwork and then change into a patient gown. If you are a woman under the age of 50, you will be asked to give urine sample. The nursing staff will take you into the procedure room, perform a brief assessment, and place an I.V. You will be then sedated and undergo the colonoscopy. The colonoscopy itself takes about 15-30 minutes. After the colonoscopy, you will rest in the recovery area while the sedative wears off. Due to the sedation, you may not remember your conversation with the doctor after the colonoscopy. Please have a family member or friend stay with you that can speak with the doctor and nurses after the procedure. By law, you cannot drive the rest of the day of the colonoscopy. We advise you to take the entire day off work. It is important for you to bring a list of all prescription medications and non-prescription products over-thecounter, anti-inflammatory, herbal, vitamins, etc ; you are taking and a list of any medications you are allergic to.
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Two strains of obligately piezophilic bacteria were isolated from sediment collected from the deepest cold-seep environment with chemosynthesis-based animal communities within the Japan Trench, at a depth of 7434 m. The isolated strains, JT7301 and JT7304T, were closely affiliated with members of the genus Psychromonas on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Hybridization values for DNADNA relatedness between these strains and the Psychromonas antarctica reference strain were significantly lower than that accepted as the phylogenetic definition of a species. The optimal temperature and pressure for growth of the isolates were 10 mC and 50 MPa and they produced both eicosapentaenoic acid C20 : 53 ; and docosahexaenoic acid C22 : 6 ; in the membrane layer. Based on the taxonomic differences observed, the isolated strains appear to represent a novel obligately piezophilic Psychromonas species. The name Psychromonas kaikoae sp. nov. type strain JT7304T l JCM 11054T l ATCC BAA-363T ; is proposed. This is the first proposed obligately piezophilic species of the genus Psychromonas and pyrimethamine.
ABSTRACT Thionamide therapy is a mainstay of the treatment of hyperthyroidism complicated by pregnancy, but it can expose the fetus to hypothyroidism. In terms of fetal thyroid status, propylthiouracil PTU ; has been preferred over methimazole MMI ; based on experimental data on limited transplacental passage, and lower doses have been recommended. However, neither of these practices is supported by convincing clinical evidence. We compared the effect of maternal ingestion of PTU with that of MMI on fetal thyroid status using cord sera at delivery in 77 mothers with Graves' hyperthyroidism who were receiving thionamides and whose free T4 FT4 ; levels were within the normal range. We also examined the dose effects on fetal thyroid status in these women. Thirty-four women were taking PTU group P ; , and 43 were taking MMI group M ; . Neither the mean fetal FT4 nor the mean fetal TSH level was significantly different between the two groups. No significant difference in the occurrence of low FT4 levels or high fetal TSH levels was found between group P and group M low FT4, 6% vs. 7%; high TSH, 21% vs. 14% ; . Little relationship was observed between maternal doses and fetal thyroid status; in fact, when low doses of both PTU 100 mg daily or less ; and MMI 10 mg daily or less ; were administered, high TSH levels in the fetus were observed in 7 of the 34 fetuses 21% ; and in 6 of the 43 fetuses 14% ; , respectively. Higher doses were associated with normal or low fetal TSH levels. These findings demonstrate that in terms of fetal hypothyroidism-inducing potential, there is little reason to choose PTU over MMI. Individualized, not uniformly low, doses of these drugs may prevent fetal hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3633 3636 and propylthiouracil.
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