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SUMMARY Embryos and larvae of Xenopus laevis are contaminated with a wide range of micro-organisms from the maternal cloaca. Primary monolayer cultures prepared from them were usually destroyed by endogenous contaminants. Fungal contamination was readily eliminated by the usual procedures. The high incidence of bacterial contamination was not reduced by penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline or combinations of the three. Contamination by Gram-negative bacilli, especially Proteus and Pseudomonas, remained. Treatment with carbenicillin, gentamicin or the combination of polymyxin E with kanamycin usually eliminated all infection. T h e cytotoxicity of effective antibiotics was tested. The basic requirements of a method for eliminating endogenous bacterial contamination and the relative merits of the three effective treatments are discussed.
MICs of pefloxacin and nine antistaphylococcal drugs were determined for 200 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. All the strains were susceptible to pefloxacin, vancomycin, and rifampin. Oxacillin-resistant strains were uniformly resistant to cephalothin and were more likely to be resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than were oxacillin-susceptible strains. Time-kill studies with 23 strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. haemolyticus indicated that the relative order of bactericidal activities was gentamicin 2 pefloxacin oxacillin vancomycin rifampin. Pefloxacin combined with oxacillin or vancomycin killed staphylococci more rapidly than oxacillin or vancomycin alone but less rapidly than pefloxacin alone. Gentamicin combined with oxacillin, vancomycin, or pefloxacin resulted in the most rapid killing of gentamicin-susceptible strains. Rifampin combined with oxacillin, vancomycin, or pefloxacin reduced the bactericidal activities of those drugs, but rifampin resistance was not observed as it was with rifampin alone. Pefloxacin is a potentially useful antistaphylococcal agent.
Tions originally proposed by Jawetz and Gunnison 8 ; and as recently reviewed by Rahal 16 ; . This scheme predicts that the combination of the bacteriostatic agent erythromycin with the bacteriae with penicillin G or ampicillin before the tericidal penicillins is potentially antagonistic. addition of erythromycin. Figure 2 depicts the This is felt, in part, to be due to the inhibition of results obtained with L. monocytogenes 2. The Listeria growth by erythromycin, which effecantagonism by erythromycin of the killing action tively inhibits the killing capacity, or with listerof the penicillins was unaffected by preincuba- iae the inhibitory capacity, of the penicillins on tions of 30 and 60 min. However, by 120 min of the dormant survivors. preincubation, incomplete reversal of the antagTo investigate this possibility, we performed onism was noted. All seven Listeria strains microtiter susceptibilities and quantitative killyielded similar results, whether in the stationary ing curve determinations with listeriae in both or the log phase of growth. the stationary and the log phase of growth. The Erythromycin combined with gentamicin. Fig- effect of the penicillins is maximal when the ure 3 depicts the killing curves generated for L. bacteria are actively multiplying and undergoing monocytogenes 1 to 6 after their incubation with cell wall synthesis 9, 22 ; . Kim and Anthony erythromycin 5 , ug ml ; , gentamicin 0.5 , g ml ; , have determined that the MBCs of penicillin for and erythromycin in combination with gentami- group B streptococci and of methicillin for cin. With the exception of L. monocytogenes 2, Staphylococcus aureus are significantly dethe erythromycin antagonized the listericidal creased when log-phase cells are used 9 ; . We activity of the gentamicin. For L. monocyto- were unable, however, to show any differences genes 2, erythromycin did inhibit the listericidal in the MIC, the MBC, or the antagonistic effects activity of gentamicin, but at 24 h the effect was of the antibiotic combinations when listeriae not marked enough to meet the definition of were in the log phase of growth. The importance antagonism used in this study. of timing and the sequence of addition of the antibiotics on the observed antagonism was also DISCUSSION investigated. We determined that reversal of the We determined in vitro that erythromycin antagonistic effect of erythromycin was not eviantagonizes the inhibitory effects of penicillin G dent after 1 h of penicillin preincubation and was and ampicillin on the growth of L. monocyto- only partially evident after 2 h of penicillin genes. These results are in keeping with the preincubation. This contrasts with the previousscheme for assessing antimicrobial combina- ly reported observation that the antagonism by.
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Working document QAS 07.242 page 13 Radiochemical Purity Measurement Systems of Radiopharmaceuticals Thin-layer chromatography of technetium radiopharmaceuticals Stationary phases: ITLC-SG Instant thin-layer chromatography, silica gel, e.g. Gelman ITLC-SA Instant thin-layer chromatography, silicic acid 3MM Whatman 3MM chromatography paper No 1 Whatman No 1 chromatography paper silica gel Silica gel 60, e.g. Merck alumina aluminium oxide, e.g. Bakerflex cellulose cellulose, e.g. Merck Mobile phases: butanone 2-butanone methyl ethyl ketone MEK 1 M sodium acetate 82 mg mL anhydrous sodium acetate or 136 mg ml sodium acetate trihydrate 0.1 M citrate 21 mg ml monosodium citrate dihydrate 1 M ammonium acetate 77 mg ml ammonium acetate Mixtures of volatile solvents should be made freshly each day Thin-layer chromatography of technetium radiopharmaceuticals.
Relatively low aqueous: vitreous concentration ratios. In contrast, gentamicin exhibited a much longer halflife 33 hours ; and a higher aqueousivitreous concentration ratio, consistent with the supposition that it is eliminated via the anterior route. The vitreous half-lives of these agents in the rhesus monkey were somewhat longer than those measured in the normal rabbit eye eg, 10 vs 5 hours for carbenicillin, 33 vs 24 hours for gentamicin ; . This may be explained by the fact that there are larger diffusional distances3 in the eyes of rhesus monkeys, ie, vitreous volumes of 3-4 ml compared with about 1.4 ml in the rabbit eye.3'7-10-13 For reasons of economy, we used each animal's eyes more than once in this study. Although we did not systematically explore the pharmacokinetic effects of repeated experimentation, there was a suggestion that gentamicin levels in the vitreous were slightly higher after five or six experiments than after rib or one previous experiment; the reverse phenomenon seemed to occur with carbenicillin but was not statistically significant. Fortunately, despite the fact that relatively few animals were used in these studies, there was excellent linearity in the rate of fall of vitreous concentrations and the standard errors were very small Figs. 1-3 ; . These studies indicate that the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal jS-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides in the rhesus monkey eye are very similar to those in the rabbit eye. This further supports the belief that the general principles gleaned from these animal models are relevant in the treatment of infections in humans. Key words: intravitreal, carbenicillin, cefazolin, gentamicin, probenecid, monkeys Acknowledgment The authors thank Dr. Robert Hirsch for his excellent assistance in the statistical analysis of the data.
Right-hand downstream ; kpni site; arrowheads facing left, endpoint of deletions generated from the left-hand upstream ; kpni site; filled arrowheads, deletions with no loss of gentamicin resistance; open arrowheads, deletions resulting in a loss of gentamicin resistance and gentian.
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Figure 13. Raster plots and perievent histograms showing the effect of pimozide, a D2 receptor antagonist, on the cocaine self-administration responses of a neuron in the NAS that exhibited both an excitatory-anticipatory and postcocaine inhibitory response. A, In the absence of pimozide, a prominent postcocaine inhibition persisted for about 4 min after cocaine self-administration. The excitatory-anticipatory response is evident in the graphs, occurring a few seconds before lever pressing arrowhend ; . B, The following day pimozide 0.25 mg kg, i.p. ; was administered 20 min prior to the beginning of the cocaine self-administration session. Same neuron as in A inferred from criteria listed in Materials and Methods ; . Note the intact excitatory-anticipatory response arrowhead ; and the reduction of the postcocaine inhibitory response. On the following day, in which no antagonist was given, the postcocaine inhibition was again prominent for this neuron during the self-administration session data not shown ; . Different time scales were used for graphs in A and B, due to the shorter interpress interval during the initial stages of pimozide-induced extinction and the long time course of postcocaine inhibition in A. C, Cumulative histogram of lever pressing during the experimental sessions shown in A and B. In the absence of pimozide, lever pressing occurred in regularly spaced intervals, about every 6 min solid line ; . When pretreated with pimozide, lever pressing became irregular as extinction developed, characterized by an initial increase in the rate of lever pressing followed by total cessation of lever pressing.
Patients before treatment, two in each group, and all were found in mixed infections. This was observed during and after treatment in 7 of 26% ; carumonam-treated patients compared with 7 of 19 37% ; gentamicin-treated patients not significant ; . All but three isolates two in the gentamicin group ; disappeared without treatment. Nephrotoxicity was documented in two patients in the gentamicin treatment group 9% ; . In one, the serum creatinine level rose from 1 mg dl 90 , M ; to 3.5 mg dl 310 , uM ; the drug had to be discontinued ; . In the other, the serum creatinine level rose from 0.7 mg dl 59 , uM ; to 1.3 mg dl 118 pwM ; after therapy was discontinued. In one patient, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels rose to 103 30 U liter ; and 245 30 U liter ; , respectively; the test results returned to normal within a few weeks. In the carumonam group, one patient developed bloody diarrhea; Clostridium difficile cytotoxin was not detected and the diarrhea stopped without treatment. In both groups, two patients developed phlebitis at the intravenous infusion site. Three patients infected with a gentamicin-resistant but carumonam-susceptible organism P. aeruginosa, two; Serratia marcescens, one ; were treated with carumonam crossover ; . One patient with P. aeruginosa ; had a relapse after 2 weeks, but the other two patients were cured. DISCUSSION Complicated urinary tract infections are often caused by organisms resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Since most of these organisms possess P-lactamases, an aminoglycoside is usually the initial antibiotic until the infecting organism has been identified. Although gentamicin is the drug currently used most frequently, it is nephrotoxic and ototoxic 14 ; and an increasing number of members of the Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads are becoming resistant to it 6, 10 ; documented in a randomized trial that there were no differences in mnicrobiological efficacy between carumonam, one of the new monocyclic 13-lactam antimicrobial agents, and gentamicin at 1 to and 4 to 6 weeks follow-up. However, the bacteriological cure rate 2 days after therapy revealed a significant difference in favor of carumonam 93 versus 72% ; . When reinfections were excluded, this difference was not significant, but the number of patients was too small to avoid type II error. The clinical cure rate was 93% 28 of 30 ; in the carumonam group compared with 77% 17 of 22 ; in the gentamicin group not significant ; . These results are comparable to those of previous reports on treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections 1, 11, 13 ; . Moreover, carumonam cured two of the three patients infected with gentamicin-resistant carumonam-susceptible bacteria and ginkgo.
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Positive evidence of foetal risk. Drugs may be given to pregnant women when the benefits are acceptable despite the risk.
Figure 3. Description and analysis of the contacts between gentamicin C1A and the RNA fragment. A ; Structure adopted by the gentamicin C1A molecule inside the A site of the duplex. Ring numbers IIII ; and atom names are specified. The E.coli numbering is used for the RNA atoms, and `W' stands for water molecule. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. Conserved contacts between gentamicin C1A and the minimal A site are shown in red. BF ; Atomic details of the contacts involving each base pair of the minimal A site interacting with gentamicin C1A and ginseng.
Significant problem with the newer generation products 34.Their unique action means a lesser chance of resistance developing, but a "reduced efficacy" was experienced in poultry in South Africa after extensive oral use personal observation ; . This might be because of their peculiar biphasic effect, whereby they are not only less effective against susceptible organisms below MIC values, but are also substantially less active at concentrations higher than their optimal ranges. This is thought to be caused by the depression of RNA synthesis 44. Perhaps more than any other class of antimicrobial agent, dosage of fluoroquinolones should be based on the susceptibility of the bacterial target, as clinical efficacy is dependent on dose and bacterial agent. The maximise clinical efficacy and decrease the selection of resistant bacteria, Cmax: MIC ratio of 10: 1 or AUC0-24: MIC ratio 125: 1 may be required 276.
Insulin-treated means that the patient is receiving insulin injections to treat their diabetes. Insulin does not exist in an oral form and therefore patients taking oral medication to treat their diabetes are not insulintreated. A severe visual impairment is defined as a best corrected visual acuity of 20 200 or worse. An order renewal is the act of obtaining an order for an additional period of time beyond that previously ordered by the treating physician. An order refill is the act of replenishing quantities of previously ordered items during the time period in which the current order is valid. Laser skin lancing devices use laser technology to pierce the skin in order to obtain capillary blood for use in home blood glucose monitors and gleevec.
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ABSTRACTS n 10 ; by oleic acid injury edema. The increase was not due to a rise in left atria1 pressure since the small pulmonary vein-left atria1 pressure gradient also increased. To test if this increase in the postcapillary pressure gradient was sympathetically mediated, we either unilaterally ablated the stellate ganglion or produced unilateral alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine before giving oleic acid. Both of these "antisympathetic" interventions prevented the increase in pulmonary vein pressure caused by oleic acid edema in the protected lung but not in the intact contralateral lung, These interventions produced a 30 t 6.8% reduction in the amount of edema caused by oleic acid. Restoring the increase in small vein pressure by inflating a balloon in the left atrium of dogs with bilateral stellate ganglion ablations abolished the reduction in edema produced by antisympathetic treatment However, the decrease in edema was not significantly correlated with the reduction in pulmonary vein pressure. Thus, the mechanism of the effects of these antisympathetic interventions remains unclear. We conclude that lung injury edema causes sympathetically mediated pulmonary venoconstriction and that antisympathetic interventions significantly reduce lung injury edema and microvascular pressure and gliadel.
My Story Of course I thought I knew it all back then. I was young, idealistic, and more than willing to put my life at risk for my convictions. It was 1947 and I wasn't quite 18 when the Iraqi authorities caught me for smuggling young Iraqi Jews like myself out of Iraq, into Iran, and then on to the Promised Land of the soon-to-be established Israel. I was an Iraqi Jew in the Zionist underground. My Iraqi jailers did everything they could to extract the names of my co-conspirators. Fifty years later, pain still throbs in my right toe-a reminder of the day my captors used pliers to remove my toenails. On another occasion, they hauled me to the flat roof of the prison, stripped me bare on a frigid January day, then threw a bucket of cold water over me. I was left there, chained to the railing, for hours. But I never once considered giving them the informat ion they wanted. I was a true believer. My preoccupation during what I refer to as my "two years in hell" was with survival and escape. I had no interest then in the broad sweep of Jewish history in Iraq even though my family had been part of it right from the beginning. We were originally Haroons, a large and important family of the "Babylonian Diaspora." My ancestors had settled in Iraq more than 2, 600 years ago- 600 years before Christianity, and 1, 200 years before Islam. I descended from Jews who built the tomb of Yehezkel, a Jewish prophet of pre-biblical times. My town, where I was born in 1929, is Hillah, not far from the ancient site of Babylon. The original Jews found Babylon, with its nourishing Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to be truly a land of milk, honey, abundance-and opportunity. Although Jews, like other minorities in what became Iraq, experienced periods of oppression and discrimination depending on the rulers of the period, their general trajectory over two and one-half millennia was upward. Under the late Ottoman rule, for example, Jewish social and religious institutions, schools and medical facilities flourished without outside interference, and Jews were prominent in government and business. As I sat there in my cell, unaware that a death sentence soon would be handed down against me, I could not have recounted any personal grievances that my family members would have lodged against the government or the Muslim majority. Our family had been treated well and had prospered, first as farmers with some 50, 000 acres devoted to rice, dates and Arab horses. Then, with the Ottomans, we bought and purified gold that was shipped to Istanbul and turned into coinage. The Turks were responsible in fact for changing our name to reflect our occupation-we became Khalaschi, meaning "Makers of Pure." I did not volunteer the information to my father that I had joined the Zionist underground. He found out several months before I was arrested when he saw me writing Hebrew and using words and expressions unfamiliar to him. He was even more surprised to learn that, yes, I had decided I would soon move to Israel myself. He was scornful. "You'll come back with your tail between your legs, " he predicted. About 125, 000 Jews left Iraq for Israel in the late 1940s and into 1952, mostly because they had been lied to and put into a panic by what I came to learn were Zionist bombs. But my mother and father were among the 6, 000 who did not go to Israel. Although physically I never did return to Iraq-that bridge had been burned in any event-my heart has made the journey there many, many times. My father had it right and gentamicin.
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J Appl Physiol 100: 1938-1945, 2006. First published Feb 23, 2006; doi: 10.1152 japplphysiol.01284.2005 You might find this additional information useful. This article cites 34 articles, 10 of which you can access free at: : jap.physiology cgi content full 100 6 1938#BIBL This article has been cited by 4 other HighWire hosted articles: The effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure and sea level training on submaximal economy in well-trained swimmers and runners M. J. Truijens, F. A. Rodriguez, N. E. Townsend, J. Stray-Gundersen, C. J. Gore and B. D. Levine J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2008; 104 ; : 328-337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Performance of runners and swimmers after four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure plus sea level training F. A. Rodriguez, M. J. Truijens, N. E. Townsend, J. Stray-Gundersen, C. J. Gore and B. D. Levine J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103 ; : 1523-1535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Respiratory plasticity in response to changes in oxygen supply and demand R. W. Bavis, F. L. Powell, A. Bradford, C. C.W. Hsia, J. E. Peltonen, J. Soliz, B. Zeis, E. K. Fergusson, Z. Fu, M. Gassmann, C. B. Kim, J. Maurer, M. McGuire, B. M. Miller, K. D. O'Halloran, R. J. Paul, S. G. Reid, H. K. Rusko, H. O. Tikkanen and K. A. Wilkinson Integr. Comp. Biol., October 1, 2007; 47 ; : 532-551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Increased serum erythropoietin but not red cell production after 4 wk of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia 4, 000-5, 500 m ; C. J. Gore, F. A. Rodriguez, M. J. Truijens, N. E. Townsend, J. Stray-Gundersen and B. D. Levine J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2006; 101 ; : 1386-1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: : jap.physiology cgi content full 100 6 1938 Additional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at: : the-aps publications jappl and glucagon.
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Figure 2: Effect of different gentamicin exposures in MDCKII wild type wt ; and MRP2transfected MDCKII MDCKII + MRP2 ; for either 1 h A and B ; , 1 h followed by 24 h recovery C and D ; or 24 and F ; on Mrp2-mediated transport. Efflux is increased after 24 h recovery following 1 h exposure to high concentrations of gentamicin in both cell lines. In addition, a similar increase in efflux was observed after 24 h exposure to gentamicin in MDCKII-MRP2 F ; and opossum kidney OK ; cells G ; . Values are means SE, n 8-23, where GS-MF efflux was set to 100% in cells exposed to 0 M gentamicin. Significantly different from 0 M gentamicin * : P 0.05, * : P 0.01, * : P 0.001 and glucosamine.
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